Exam 3 Study Guide Essay Example

Exam 3 Study Guide Essay Example Exam 3 Study Guide Essay Exam 3 Study Guide Essay MIS Exam 3 study Guide l. IT Governance and Project Management CDM, NEU, Brose, Capital One, Choice Point 1 . How can we use the Project Life Cycle and the triple constraint triangle to assess a projects performance? CDM: They had a library of technical best practices from past projects stored in-house. Most employees knew each other Then company grew and a dispatcher emailed engineers and scientist with questions. He was a knowledge-sharing platform. Then it was changed to an intranet of technical disciplines. They also had ways of contacting experts through emails or contact info. CDM then changed to an ERP ystem and added a decision support platform to assess actual projects outcomes against best practices knowledge to continuously improve. Project life cycle: It lets reassess the projected solutions and improve it to have more efficient results that best fits the organization. With CDM they changed the way they managed knowledge multiple times. The PLC allowed them to implement a solution that was best for the company at that time. As the company grew they were able to reassess their solutions and change it. Project triple constraint triangle: When CDM had to increase the scope of their knowledge management solution that meant ncreasing cost (more dispatchers Intranet ERP system). Every time they reassessed their problem they had to incur more expenses. Brose Implemented an ERP system to connect their growing business from acquisitions They were able to collect data about key processes and it helped them learn about weaknesses and improve them like forecasting and long term planning They were able to implement the new system nicely with a consulting team that collaborated with end-users and gave training. They had a pilot approach. First testing new system with one plant and then expanding it to other plants Project life Cycle: The ay the project was planned, designed and implemented helped with the success of the ERP system with Brose. They were able to go through all of the PLC steps in the same order as well as in a way that would work for the company Project triple constraint triangle: It is a good way to control a big project that has many features and processes that needs to be considered. It allows setting a plan. If there are any changes done it reminds managers to consider all aspects Capital One They create new projects based on testing and analyzing a lot of data to create new products/services and enter new markets. They are very innovative and they foster Information technology is very important in this firm and highly used. Choice Point Hackers entered the system and stole identities of thousands of accounts. They created hotlines, compensations for victims and suffered lawsuits, federal investigations and drop in stock. 2. What challenges does an IT project face and how can such issues/challenges be addressed? (consider different stakeholders) The risk of the project is a major challenge since some projects can be more risky than others based on the project size, project structure, and level of technical xpertise needed by the IS staff and project team The main challenges start at the 4 stages of project management and the activities following up those stages. In addition, aligning the stages to the structure, technology, people and tasks from the business needs to the project. People business unit and IT staff, project team chart, PMO Process temporary, event = episode, releases Technology tools to record/monitor/track project activities outcomes 3. How might a companys IT governance affect the success of that companys IT services? Companies that work closely with their IT architect will be able to have more uccessful projects since their input can be valuable and helpful into creating processes and architectures that are more efficient, lean and useful for all parties. With deep assistance and guidance from IT professionals it will allow the company to fully benefit from his/her knowledge. The Feedback and user participation from executive to end user is facilitated by IT specialist. They facilitate communication and needs from both departments. They help with the design, implementation, post implementation and periodic reviews. As well as any changes needed and best 4. What are the project/lT sourcing options and why might a company choose one approach over another? Used when product/service is not a core competency of the company Best way to have another company that specializes in that product/service and not Jeopardize firms performance This helps company focus more on their core competency Outsourcing Option Reason Multi-vendor approach Multiple vendors that specialize in several services/products gives less burden to only one vendor Competition between vendors can also help get better services and prices Challenges: dedicated staff to oversee all relationships, more complex anagement systems, and all vendors needs to collaborate together. Single vendor Lower management overhead and time expenses Ability to get discounts due to large quantities Closer relationship can boost collaboration in many aspects and activities II. Strategic Value of IT within the Organization and Sourcing/ Staffing IT Services Young Audiences, Pepsi 1 . What role (by information processing level) does IT services play in the organization (i. e. , where do IT personnel add value)? In organizations with centralized structures IT services are usually located in only one department and is managed by a project manager. They dont collaborate much with other end-users from all the departments that will use the system. Therefore, it is more valuable to have IT staffing/sourcing to work in a decentralized method under a high level manager. This will allow more power from the IT specialist to give ideas on how to be more efficient and change old practices. In addition, it will yield more cost savings, lean processes and other efficient outcomes from the collaboration between IT specialists, end users, and managers. They add value in business demands, give new ideas on information requirements that are more technological driven, this ould also change the business demands of a company by moving towards technology. Young Audiences: At young audiences the IT specialists worked really close to all the chapters to fulfill any needs and add more functions to the base platform. They also had a middleman that was able to connect the chapters needs and communicate it to the IT vendor. This proved to be a good strategy. However, it was not the best suited for the non- profit organization. This method can be useful for an organization that is not centralized but has a degree of leadership, structure and rules to follow. The IT pecialist and the project manager was able to facilitate user participation too PepsiCo: The companys growth of product lines made them have to change their SCH systems as how they distributed and operated with customers. They had local delivery people that would manage and forecast (based on order history and guessing) day- to-day orders. When the product line grew it was hard to keep up inventory management with the right mix of products needed for each customer. They invested in SCM and ERP systems to integrated core business processes (purchasing, manufacturing, selling, warehousing and distribution) and automate data on every tep along the chain. This helped pepsi to have real time data to promptly address performance issues and improve overall business processes and services. Pepsis transition to ERP and SCM systems proves they understood where they needed that technology to fulfill their business needs. With the help of IT professionals, they implemented the best fit of new technologies that will allow improvements on current business processes and still consider the companys future growth. The IT staff guided pepsi into using systems that had potential to grow along with the company. 2. What makes an information system strategic in its adoption or use and how do you assess strategic alignment of IT investments? 1 . Scope of effects (across enterprise think Porters value chain): Where does it add value in the chain? And which departments does it reach? 3. Seniority of attention/planning (executive commitment who decides/cuts the check) 4. Strategic alignment (supports, enables high level competitiveness goals) 3. How might IT governance differ across different companies? larger/ smaller? newer/older? 4. What are the IT sourcing options and why choose one approach over another? Ill. Info. Security Policies, Procedures and Technology Zappos 1 . What preventative measures can be implemented proactively and what responses can be planned? . What are some of the non-technology steps required to improve information security? 3. What regulatory/legal compliance requirements do companies need to consider in addressing information security prevention (proactive) and reaction (reactive)? 4. How might where (geographically) companies do business influence their approach to information security and privacy? IV. MIS Integrative Learning Framework Capital One, Winter Gear 1 . What is the strategic focus of e ach company? nformation requirements? MIS capabilities? Winter gear is more focused on operational excellence -It needs to address the operations an transactions in a more productive way -It needs it improve the management and control of their sales and how to take orders By improving in IT they would be able to have a better way to receive orders and send the products -Business processes needs to be improved by reducing time -People in the organization need to be trained to use the new way and new programs they should get Capital one is more focused in product leadership and be able to offer credit card to veryone -They should improve their innovation and strategy of evaluating each customer separate and offer them business The management and control of their current customers need to be accurate in order to avoid future loss They need to improve their business processes in order to evaluate customers faster -They also need to train the people in the organization as well as get better IT components to address the customer inquires and offer a product What can you say about alignment for each company based upon how MIS capabilities fit with information requirements and how information requirements fit with business strategy? Winter gear: processes and have the people trained to do so is what enables the operations and transaction processing requirement they have which at the same time was the driver. At the same time the information requirements such as operations and transaction processing are the main issues to be address that would enable the main problem or main driver, which is operational excellence that at first was the driver to look for the Info requirements. Capital One: Their MIS capabilities such as improve their business processes and have the people trained to make the processes faster and have quicker responses is what enables heir information requirements which are innovations and strategy in order to deliver a good product for each customer. At the same time this information requirement is what enables the business driver that are product leadership as well as customer intimacy that at first was the driver to look for a whole solution. It starts as a goal and then by having the info requirements and MIS capabilities located we address and enable the rest of it to reach the goal. What can you say about how well the MIS capabilities at each company are integrated? Winter Gear: I believe its well integrated but they need to improve on the IT and Business rocesses as a more efficient and faster way, they have a legacy system they need to get rid of Since there is a need of change for operational excellence they should integrate the new IT required with the new business processes and train the people Every organization when making changes needs to have the 3 of them integrated in order to work efficiently -Capital one is doing a great Job by having the people involved in the new tests as well as the business processes by phone -Once they found the better way to address the new customers in offering them a product they should integrate the people to ave them all offering the same and doing the same procedures -The people need to be also familiar with the IT they are using or they would need to use in case more What can you say about how MIS capabilities could be used to improve each company through innovation, managerial control, and continual o perational improvements? -People in the organization could help to have a managerial control over the order that are sent. Also it helps people to be familiar and five new ideas to innovate Business processes are key to operational improvements, make automate processes, educe lead times -IT help to make processes faster and reduce the time that people spend working, make things faster for example: receiving orders and send invoice automatic -Business processes help to improve on times to offer customers something by phone right away -People and the structure help to give new ideas and innovation in order to try different tests and find the best outcome -IT its extremely important to look for the background of each customer that calls as well as make calculations based on the answers of the customers to give the people in the organizations something to offer to the customer

Example Sentences of the Verb Begin

Example Sentences of the Verb Begin This page provides example sentences of the verb Begin in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form begin / Past Simple began[i/] / Past Participle begun / Gerund beginning Present Simple He usually begins work at eight oclock. Present Simple Passive Construction is often begun before the plans are finished. Present Continuous We are beginning to understand the problem. Present Continuous Passive The report is being begun this very moment. Present Perfect Peter hasnt begun yet. Present Perfect Passive The report hasnt been begun yet. Present Perfect Continuous None Past Simple The school began to ask students to come earlier. Past Simple Passive The project was begun last week. Past Continuous They were beginning to eat as I arrived. Past Continuous Passive The book was being begun when I got to class. Past Perfect She had begun work before I arrived. Past Perfect Passive The project had been begun before he approved the final plans. Past Perfect Continuous None Future (will) It will begin soon. Future (will) passive The project will be begun by John. Future (going to) Oliver is going to begin a new job next week. Future (going to) passive The process is going to be begun next month. Future Continuous He will be beginning his new job in two weeks time. Future Perfect The concert will have begun by the time you arrive. Future Possibility The movie may begin soon. Real Conditional I will begin if he arrives soon. Unreal Conditional She would begin soon if they offered her the job. Past Unreal Conditional If it had begun earlier they wouldnt have finished in time. Present Modal I must begin working hard! Past Modal They should have begun the project earlier. Quiz: Conjugate with Begin Use the verb to begin to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. The school _____ to ask students to come earlier.The project _____ before he approved the final plans.We _____ to understand the problem.He usually _____ work at eight oclock.The report _____ yet.Oliver _____ a new job next week.She _____ soon if they offered her the job.She ______ before I arrived.It _____ soon.The concert _____ by the time you arrive. Quiz Answers beganhad been begunare beginningbegins  hasnt been begunis going to beginwould beginhad begun workwill beginwill have begun

United States school reform model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States school reform model - Essay Example Public schools in the US are long overdue for reform. The pedagogy, governance, and organization are archaic, as are the methods of teaching and day to day operations. Yet it is no small task to overhaul a system that has been in place for well over one hundred years. There have been several attempts to change the way schools were run, yet each one has failed, or has affected change on only a few schools. Few would argue that America's public schools are no longer meeting the needs of the families they serve, much less reaching their potential as ideal environments for children to grow and learn in. Schools are essential to society, but they must grow and change to meet the needs of the people that reside within that society. To change schools, it is necessary to look at change to the way schools are run, both at a micro and a macro level or organization. It is necessary to look at how the school should interact within the community, and how it should create its' own community. And f inally, it is necessary to look at the pedagogy, and how it works and is assessed within the schools.Current school government is convoluted, and is micro-managed at far too many levels. Each school has government, then each district, then each county, each state, each region, and finally, on a country-wide level. This overabundance of government comes also with very little organization. Tyack looks at governance as a definite place of difficulty in education. Citing the New York City schools as an example, he points out that when control is de-centralized, people demand centralized governance; yet when the governance is centralized, the people want governance back at the local level. When it returns, the cycle repeats itself (Tyack 76-77). It is clear that governance of schools needs to be clear about hierarchy of power, and also with regard to who is in charge of what areas of education. Because American's are an ever changing population characterized by the constant shifting and movement of groups from one area to another, it stands to reason that public schools should be run on a country wide level, and not on a state run level. Goodlad, author of A Place Called School, recommends similar changes, only at a state level. He explains "State officials, including the governor, should be held accountable for articulating a comprehensive, consistent set of educational goals for schools (Goodlad 275). He suggests that it is not reasonable, nor logical to place the blame for not following educational mandates upon schools; that it is the responsibility of the state to pass on these new mandates, and to ensure that the schools are funded for the changes (Goodlad 274). His recommendations are reasonable, although they do not account for the need to maintain standards country-wide, which would be better served by one organization rather than several. By limiting governance to one major organization, all schools would be subject to the same rules and tests, allowing c hildren to move from school to school with regular uniformity. Health codes and nutrition could also be met at a federal level, ensuring the health of America's children over the long term. Clearly, in addition to federal level government there needs to be local organization also, to provide support and to ensure all schools are accounted for. This can be met by having state level governance, removing the need for district level altogether. With-in schools, current governance allows for the handling of discipline and day to day operations. The principal of each school should have power over the daily operations of the school, but should also be a part of the staffing decisions and possibly a member of a state advisory board, that would help suggest curriculum or other changes to a state committee. School governance needs to take into account American Society, and the changes that take place yearly. Community involvement is also a necessary component of school success. Goodlad suggests that in

Vietnam and the 20th Century - Rules of Engagement Essay

Vietnam and the 20th Century - Rules of Engagement - Essay Example ROE in the U.S. and its Importance In battle, the prospects for collapse in obedience are usually present. This elucidates why elaborate ROE at all levels is extremely crucial. The military actions are particularly connected to ROE, carrying out battle in observance of global laws and inside the authority specified by the commanders. The military utilizes the battle authority required to guarantee victory through suitable and restricted utilization of force. ROE ensures realization of the military mission, force defence and observance of law, as well as policy. ROE overlaps executing strategic policy verdict. It might also serve an operational forces objective, and whilst concurrently bringing the US military in observance with the regional, as well as global law. The NCA endorses ROE for the American military. The Joint Staff has the duty of sustaining ROE. WWI led to the largest movement of the National military ever since the Civil War (Moss, 2010). Individual Soldiers on the Grou nd The Chain of Command in the military is extremely crucial since it ensures that everybody comprehends his or her responsibilities. This implies that, in this ladder of power, lower ranked soldiers are not directed by all the higher positioned soldiers. They have one individual above them who elucidates to them their duties, and that individual also has someone he or she is entitled to answer to. Consequently, the cadets at the infantry level usually have their commander, but not any other individual can order them. The Chain of Authority, usually, is utilized so that the army personnel offer orders to only those individuals directly with a lower rank below them and vice versa. For instance, an ordinary soldier who has a quandary in undertaking an order is probable to get regimented. This is for not observing the Chain of Supremacy if he ignores the commander who is in immediate command of the soldier. Consequently, this soldier has to appeal to a higher ranked individual in his o r her ladder of authority. The supposition here is that, no individual can command the cadets unless they are directly above them in rank and have been authorized from above. The ladder of power is the line of supremacy and accountability along which instructions pass. The line will usually go from the top commanders to the ordinary soldiers. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Johnson In 1965 McNamara, the then secretary of security proposed to President Johnson, to marshal two hundred and thirty five thousand nationwide guards and reserves. McNamara’s supposition was that the failure was due to underestimation of the extent of the challenges. The end of Vietnam began in the epoch of the total force strategy (Bolgiano, 2011). The discourse above delineates the role of ROE at Vietnam battle. During this epoch, ROE fostered the utilization of force in battle. The Secretary of Defense had the authority had the authority to order the guards and reserves. He would confer wit h the head of the nation with regard to the war on the ground. However, McNamara had presumptions that the failure in the battle was due to underestimation of the degree of the quandaries. The ROE also involved the training of the infantry soldiers. Conversely, President Johnson restricted the American troops’ attempts in Vietnam, not to incite the Chinese. Conversely, he provided a reasonably quick and absolute victory over his foes. He totally miscalculated the foe’

Hardware and Software Requirements For an IT system Essay Example for Free

Hardware and Software Requirements For an IT system Essay For this assignment we have to produce a report on the types of hardware and software requirements, and their purposes, for an IT system. In the context of this essay I have decided that bullet point form along with brief descriptions and graphics is the best way to present this assignment. 6 STAGE MODEL Shown above is the six-stage model, showing the processes undertaken by a computer system. Below is what each of my pictures represents: * Mouse: Input Device * The Tower: Central Processing Unit * Monitor: Output Device * Floppy Disk: Backing Store * Head: Main Memory * Telephone: Communications Devices e. g. Internet Input Devices and Techniques Input devices are the means whereby computers can accept data or instructions (Heathcott P M, 2000, p 159) * Keyboard: The keyboard is the most commonly used of all input devices. It can be used for a various number of tasks, form entering programs, to typing documents using a word processor, or entering a persons personal details etc. * Mouse: The mouse and its variants such as the trackball is well known with all PC users. * Scanner: A scanner can be used to scan graphical images and photographs, and software can then be used to edit or touch up the images. Scanners can also be used to read typed or hand-writtten documents and this can then be interpreted by using OCR software, which can then export it to a word processor or data file. Scanners can also be used to input large volumes of data on pre-printed forms such as credit card payments, where the customers account number and amount paid are printed at the bottom of the payment slip. * Web Cam: This transfers images onto the screen. In can be used via the internet for video conferencing or you can even pre-record messages and send them via E-mail. * Bar Code Reader: Bar codes appear on almost everything we buy, whether it is a new CD or a tin of bins. The pattern of thick thin lines represents the 13 digit number underneath the bar code. There are four main pieces of information on a bar code. The first few two or three digits represent in which country the product was registered. The next five digits represent the manufacturers code. The second group of five numbers represents the product and package size. The last digit is a check digit, which is calculated from the other digits in the code and ensures that the barcode is keyed in or read correctly. A very similar process to that used in the ASCII code where the spare digit is used as the parity. A Product Bar Code * Light Pen: A light pen is a device which incorporates a light sensor so that when it is held close to a screen over a character or part of a graphic, the object is detected and can be moved to create or modify graphics. * Microphone: An input devise for sound recording. * OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): An Optical Mark Reader can detect marks made in present positions on a form. The most common example of this is the lottery. It is also widely used for marking, multiple choice exams and market research questionnaires. * OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Light is emitted, bounced back and then received. This is how the OCR reads its characters. The light emitted is in different resolutions depending on the character. OCR is used widely in services such as gas and electricity etc. * MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): All banks use MICR for processing cheques. Along the bottom of a cheque the banks sort code, customer account number and cheque number are encoded in special characters in magnetic ink. The amount of the cheque is encoded in magnetic ink when it is handed in at the bank. The cheques can then be processed by MICR devices that read, sort and store the data on disk. MICR has several advantages for processing cheques: 1. It is hard to forge the characters 2. The characters can be read even if the cheque is crumpled, dirty or smudged 3. The characters are readable by humans, unlike bar codes The disadvantage of MICR though is the expense. This is why you dont find many other examples of it being used. * Swipe Cards: Swipe cards are operated by using a magnetic strip. They are used in credit cards, debit cards, railway tickets, phone cards and many others. The magnetic strip can be encoded with upto 220 characters of data and other 83% of adults in Britain own at least one card. Unfortunately because there are only 220 characters of data this makes the cards very easy to copy, which is why the strips will eventually, disappear and be replaced by a chip, which is almost impossible to fake. Something slightly similar to the smart card. * Smart Cards: Smart cards are of a similar appearance to that of the swipe cards, but instead of using the magnetic strip they contain a small 1-millimeter square microprocessor which is stored in the centre of the card. This is then protected by a small gold electrical contact the card can still read information through this. Unlike the swipe card the smart cards can hold millions of characters of data. In the future banks hope to replace all the swipe cards with a Super card which will also be able to be used to pay for smaller goods such as milk and newspapers without the need to carry cash. This card will almost be unbreakable. In Belgium they already have a similar system working to this it is called the Proton Card, which incorporates the use of both magnetic strip and a microprocessor chip for bank withdrawals and payments of small goods. The Smart Card * Touch Sensitive Screens: A touch sensitive screen allows the user to touch an area of the screen rather than having to type the data on a keyboard. They are widely used in tourist centres, where tourists can look up various local facilities and entertainments, in fast food stores such as McDonalds for entering customer orders, in manufacturing, and also bars. * Digitisers: A digitiser can draw quality illustrations. It has a flat rectangular slab onto which a stylus (anything that terminates in a point) is placed. Output Devices and Techniques The ultimate aim of the computer is to produce useful information, the information that is produced by the computer is in binary digits, we therefore need devices to translate these into a form we can use (Corbitt T, 1990, p 11) * VDU: (Visual Display Unit) The VDU is similar in appearance to the television receiver, an alternative name is the monitor. VDUs have better resolution than TVs and therefore are better for graphical work. It has its own fixed amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) associated with it to store the image being displayed on the screen. So the more RAM it has the better the resolution displayed on the screen. The number of pixels used to represent a full-screen image determines the resolution. Example: If 1 bit represents each pixel then two colours can be displayed, so to display 256 colours you would need 8 bits (1byte) It is usually possible to adjust both the resolution and the number colours if you select a high resolution you wont be able to have as many colours because of the memory available on the VDU Printers The results of processing are usually required in printed form. Printers come in all shapes and sizes, there are two main categories of printers: * Impact Printers which transfer the image on to the paper by applying pressure against a ribbon onto the paper, this transfers ink form the ribbon to the paper forming the image * Non-impact Printers which produce the image on the paper without any contact. Impact Printers * Dot-matrix: The characters on this are formed by dots. The print head contains a number of needles, the more there are of these the better the quality of print. A head with nine needles would take seven horizontal movements to print a character, this printer would be said to have a seven-by-nine-character matrix. In the latest type near letter quality is produced by double printing. The line of type is printed, the head moves back to the beginning of the line, moves down fractionally and then prints the line a second time. This doubles the time taken to print a document. To overcome this more expensive models use twice the number of needles and near letter quality can be achieved with one pass of the head. The dot-matrix can also print out graphics and pictures of a basic quality. Dot-matrix printers, which can print in colour, are available, these use a ribbon which contains red, green and blue. Coloured output is obtained by repeated printing, repositioning of the paper, print head and ribbon. The dot-matrix can print between 30 and 200 characters per second (cps). * Daisy-wheel printers: The print head consists of flexible arms extending from a centre hub, the characters are at the tips of the arms. When printing the hub revolves bringing the required character next to the ribbon. Some daisy-wheel printers are bi-directional and the print head can turn in either direction so that quickest possible print time is achieved. The print can be changed so that different font styles can be used. Daisy wheel printers are unable to print graphics unlike the dot-matrix. It is capable of speed ranges 12 to 55 cps. Non-impact printers * Thermal printers: These use specially treated paper, which is affected by heat generated by the print head as it passes across the paper. The main advantages are that they are silent and fast, printing 30-120 cps. Disadvantages are that the paper is expensive and that the printed image degrades in time. * Ink-jet printer: With this type of printer the characters are formed on the paper by spraying it with a stream of ink dots. They are fast, printing 150-270 cps and almost soundless, the quality of print is very good. A Canon Bubble Jet Printer BJC7000 * Plotters: Plotters are used to produce drawings, diagrams and other types of graphical output. There are two varieties in use, the flatbed plotter which is used where accuracy is important and the drum plotter which is used for business applications. The flatbed type is fixed while the pen moves over the top of the device while the axis moves up and down, whilst the drum variety uses continuous stationery. In both types the pens, under the program control, are moved to the down position, the movement of the pens is then controlled to draw the image. There are from one to six pens, which can be used to output different colours. There is also the less commonly known graph plotter. This is most commonly seen in use for lie detector tests. * COM: (Computer Output on Microfilm) The problem of storing information on paper can be considerable in a large business. One way to solve this is to have output from the computer photographed as microscopic images directly onto microfilm. Two methods of storage are used, one put the information onto a roll of 16mm film while the other uses microfiche. Microfiche can store upto 100 pages of A4 on a single piece, to see it you must have a microfiche reader. The most recent examples of this being used is in libraries and in garages for checking car parts. Data can be stored onto microfilm directly from the computer or off line using magnetic tape as an intermediary store. * Voice output: The output of the computer can be given in spoken form by using voice synthesisers to transform words stored in the computer into human speech, this is great for disabled people who cannot speak as it allows them to communicate. The user can hear through a loudspeaker. Secondary device techniques A permanent, non-volatile form of storage is required by all computer systems to save software and data files. Magnetic tape, magnetic disks, CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), and microfilm are all examples of what is known as secondary storage. * Floppy disk: The standard 3 1/2 floppy disk is a thin, flexible plastic disk coated in metal oxide, enclosed in a rigid plastic casing for protection. A standard high density disk has a storage space of 1.44 Megabytes. * Hard Disks: The hard disk used with conventional PCs consists of one or more disk platters, which are permanently sealed inside a casing. Hard disks have a capacity of between 2Gb and 10Gb, though external hard drives can be plugged into the computer to provide extra storage space. For large-scale applications storing huge amounts of data, more hard disks would be used. The disks can be fixed or removable, although the fixed disks are more reliable and have more storage capacity. Data is stored on the concentric tracks, which are divided into sectors. Data is then stored in one of the sectors so that it minimises the movement of the read-write heads, thereby minimising access time. * CD-ROM: CD-ROMs can store around 680Mb of data, which is the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. CD-ROMs do not transfer data as quickly as the hard disk drive. As the name suggests the disks are read-only memory. Unlike a magnetic disk they are created by burning tiny holes into the surface of the disk, a laser beam is then reflected off the surface of the disk, detecting the presence or absence of pits, which represent the binary digits. * Worm disks (Write Once, Read Many): These look very similar to the CD-ROM in appearance but are gold rather than silver in colour. These disks can be used to write your own material and are ideal for archiving or storing images or data, which will not be changed. They are popular in the pirate industry because a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 blank disk can store upto à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 000 worth of software and sell for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½80. They are used by less reputable PC companys which install the software onto the PC so they can charge the consumer more for the package. However because of the competition in the pirate industry at present many of these carry viruses which can cause chaos on the hard drive. * Magneto-optical disks: Magneto-optical disks integrate optical and laser technology to enable read and write storage. A 5 1/2 disk can store up to 1 Gb. These disks may in future replace current magnetic disks, but at present the technology is still developing and the disks are too expensive, slow and unreliable to be in widespread use. * Magnetic tape: Magnetic tape was developed in the 1950s and very quickly became the primary means of storing data. The data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of dots of magnetism. It is used widely for archiving past transactions or other data that may be needed again, for example, old news readings that have been collected over a number of years. * Jaz Drive: Two Gigabytes is a tape drive and a mass storage device mainly used for backing up large files or batches of files i.e. end of day transaction backup for banks or businesses Software requirements and techniques Software is the name given to the programs that direct the operation of the computer. It can be divided into two main groups, system software and applications software. System software is the programs required to run the computer system and applications software is the programs required to carry out a particular application such as stock control Systems software This is the software that the microcomputer system needs to run. In this group there are three divisions: operating systems, utilities and compilers/interpreters/assemblers. Operating systems: An operating system is a set of programs that allows the user to perform tasks without having to know how they are done. For example, a user can give a command to save a file on disk without having to know where the file will be stored or how it will be retrieved again. Applications programs are usually written to work with a particular operating system e.g. Excel will only work with Windows and not with Apple Mac, which has a different operating system. Utility programs: Utility programs perform common tasks that every computer user will need at one stage or another. They carry out such jobs as formatting and copying disks, deleting files from disks, sorting information into a required order, and to help with the testing of programs that have been written. Compilers, interpreters and assemblers: These are programs that translate the programming language that is used into a form that the computer can understand. Compilers work by translating the whole of the program from what is known as the source program into the object program which will be in a form that the computer can understand. Interpreters are programs that translate and execute source programs one statement at a time. An assembler is a program supplied by the computer manufacturer that will translate a program that was written in assembly language (low-level programming language) into machine code. Applications software: In large organisations that have a mainframe or minicomputer we would find that programmers were employed whose job it would be to write the programs for the applications that the organisation wished to have run on the computer, such as payroll, stock control or hospital appointments. The software may be designed specifically for one particular company and written especially for them using a programming language or software such as database management system. Alternatively, the software may be purchased off the shelf. General purpose software: Most general purpose software is sold as a package, including a CD containing the software. Below is the most common packages that you would find on the market to date: 1. Applications: spreadsheets, database, word processing, Desk Top Publishing 2. Presentation: CD based presentations (Power Point, Director) 3. Internet Publishing: web page development software (Front Page, Dreamweaver, Flash) 4. Programming Software: BASIC, Visual Basic, C++, Java, Pascal, HTML 5. Creation and Editing: Photo Shop, Paint Shop Pro, Premier, Coral Draw 6. Utility: Anti-virus, tidy and compression, Doctors. The newer computer systems will have these utilities on them already. Software such as word processing, spreadsheet and databases is sometimes refereed to as generic software. This means that many of the packages can be made to do many different tasks, and is not specifically for one type of application. The other types of application software such as stock control and payroll as mentioned before are special purpose because they have been designed to complete one particular task. Conclusion: I found this assignment very interesting and now feel I have a much sounder understanding off computer hardware and software. I would have liked to incorporate more images into the assignment as reference to each of the products described, but was unable to find all of the images that I required, and also had problems trying to transfer them from the internet. Apart from this I feel quite satisfied with the overall assignment and hope that I have entered all the data needed and presented it in a clear fashion. Bibliography Corbitt T, (1990), Information Technology And Its Applications. Avon, United Kingdom: Bath Press Heathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Payne-Gallway Publishers Ltd References Corbitt T, (1990), Information Technology And Its Applications. Avon, United Kingdom: Bath Press Heathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Payne-Gallway Publishers Ltd Michael Firmstone Tutor: Del Turney 14/11/01

Graduation 2001 :: essays research papers

First of all I would like to thank everyone for coming out tonight for the 2001 Palo Verde graduation. I am honored to be speaking in front of the class of 2001. I congratulate all the graduates on a job well done. Sitting here shows a great deal of work and dedication. Graduation is a time to remember the last four years at Palo Verde. Some of us have great memories that we will hold close to us and others may think about the struggles and hardships that we went through. But the point is that it’s over now right. Not really cause now we are going on our own. Their is not going to be that teacher that reminds that the paper is do tomorrow and that grades are coming out pretty soon so we need to get our grades up. We now need to look at what the future has in store for us. Its a serious time, a time to look at what path our lives are going to take once the caps and gowns are taken off. High school was an important step in our lives but it was only a step. So we must strive to educate ourselves and work to our best abilities to become strong individuals. But these struggles that we wen through will help us to be able to handle things in the real world. We all went through struggles and hardships but we all got to remember that someone went thro ugh more struggles than we did. I remember this friend that walked to school at 6:45 in the morning so that he could make it to Yearbook O period; while it was still dark outside. Then his junior year he got a job and to be able to make to work on time he would have to run from school to the mile away bus stop so that he would be able to get a car. And after saving his paychecks for four months he was able to get a car. I was proud of him for going through hardships and his family was proud too. On graduation night we all must remember the friendships that we had through the times. Even if they were bad or good we all can learn something from them. We can remember those friends that we’ve had since freshmen year and those friends that we just met but have become our best of friends. Graduation 2001 :: essays research papers First of all I would like to thank everyone for coming out tonight for the 2001 Palo Verde graduation. I am honored to be speaking in front of the class of 2001. I congratulate all the graduates on a job well done. Sitting here shows a great deal of work and dedication. Graduation is a time to remember the last four years at Palo Verde. Some of us have great memories that we will hold close to us and others may think about the struggles and hardships that we went through. But the point is that it’s over now right. Not really cause now we are going on our own. Their is not going to be that teacher that reminds that the paper is do tomorrow and that grades are coming out pretty soon so we need to get our grades up. We now need to look at what the future has in store for us. Its a serious time, a time to look at what path our lives are going to take once the caps and gowns are taken off. High school was an important step in our lives but it was only a step. So we must strive to educate ourselves and work to our best abilities to become strong individuals. But these struggles that we wen through will help us to be able to handle things in the real world. We all went through struggles and hardships but we all got to remember that someone went thro ugh more struggles than we did. I remember this friend that walked to school at 6:45 in the morning so that he could make it to Yearbook O period; while it was still dark outside. Then his junior year he got a job and to be able to make to work on time he would have to run from school to the mile away bus stop so that he would be able to get a car. And after saving his paychecks for four months he was able to get a car. I was proud of him for going through hardships and his family was proud too. On graduation night we all must remember the friendships that we had through the times. Even if they were bad or good we all can learn something from them. We can remember those friends that we’ve had since freshmen year and those friends that we just met but have become our best of friends.

Personal Dilemma Paper Essay

In today’s society people face some form or type of dilemma and it could either be a personal, ethical, or moral dilemma. As individual’s we encounter personal dilemmas, whether it is professional or educational and with these dilemmas there is always some type of choice that must be made and with this choice there is either a solution or resolution or in some cases the choice that is made could either have a positive or negative effect for those involved. Within our society we are faced with ethical dilemmas on a daily basis and they come in the forms of newspapers, television, and by Internet. Some of these dilemmas could be about a Congressman/woman, Senators, Politicians, or Celebrities. For this paper the topic that has been chosen and will be discussed is Same Sex Marriage and the following will also be addressed as well: the nature of the dilemma, the ethical decision made about Same Sex Marriage, alternative course of action and why this action was taken, and th e outcome of the situation. Ethics and Morality So what is ethics and how can it affect me and the choices I make? According to Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy (2012), ethics can be defined as â€Å"the study of what is considered to be right and wrong, good and evil†. For example, let’s say that you caught your best friend cheating on his wife. What do you do? Do you confront your best friend and give him the chance to explain what is going on or do you just ignore what you saw and not say anything to either your best friend or to the wife. This is what would be considered an ethical dilemma in which there is a conflict and that some type of choice has to be made. In this type of situation no matter the type of choice you make it could affect your best friend and his wife in a positive or negative way. Morality can be defined by Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary as â€Å"†¦a system of moral conduct† leading ultimately to the living of a moral  life (Morality n.d.). For example, if an individual is faced with a moral dilemma this means he/she not only makes the decision about the conflict itself, but as a result there could be more than one action or reason why the individual chose that particular action. Basically, the individual has to make a choice, but with this choice there could be more than one solution or resolution and the decision must benefit the greater good of society in a whole. Same Sex Marriage As little girl’s we had this fantasy of what our ideal wedding would be like and it would be that the man of our dreams would be up there standing at the altar waiting for his soul mate and best friend. This is what most little girl’s dream of, but the reality of this is the fact that most boys and girls dream about marrying the man or girl of their dreams. The idea of marriage has taken on a whole if not different concept and meaning. When one thinks of marriage it is a union between a man and woman, not a union between a man and a man or a woman and a woman. Most of us may have family members and even friends that are in a same sex relationship. For most of these couples the only thing they are wanting is to not only spend the rest of their lives with their partner, but to have it legal and recognized in the state they live in. On October 14th, 2014 same sex marriage not only became legal in 23 states, including the District of Columbia, but in the first time in our h istory President Obama gave his full support to same sex marriage stating this: â€Å"At a certain point, I’ve just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married† (ProCon.org). In a decision that was made by the United Stated Supreme Court same sex couples can now be allowed to receive the same benefits as married heterosexual couples would receive. For the rest of the 20 states that have not legalized same sex marriage it would seem that there are certain laws, constitutional amendments or both prevent a same sex couple from getting married in his or her own state (ProCon.org). My Personal Belief and Reasons Why I Support Same Sex Marriage To be completely honest this issue not only hits a raw nerve with me, but I have family and friends that have been in a same sex relationship for years and have expressed to me about getting married. For example, I have a best friend, who is not only like a sister to me, but she  is considered to be part of our family. My friend and her partner live in a state where there is a ban on same sex marriage and she has expressed to me that she would like to marry her partner, but in order for that to happen she must go to another state to get married. We were both brought up and taught by our church that not only is marriage reserved for a man and a woman, but homosexuality is a sin in Godâ€℠¢s eyes. When my friend first told me of her plans to marry her partner I expressed my feelings of happiness and excitement. I have never nor will I be judgmental of my best friend’s decisions or choices when it comes to her life. As a friend I will always be supportive and I will stand with her though thick and thin. My friend and I are both bi-sexual and we are happy with our lifestyle and we do not see anything wrong with the way we live. Many times we have heard that being gay is a sin or that when we die we will not be able to go to Heaven that we are destined for a life of Hell due to our lifestyle. The dilemma in this case is that my friend and her partner do want to get married and in order to do that they must go to Minnesota, Illinois, Nevada, or New York to get married. The problem with this is the marriage will only be recognized in the state they have gotten married in and for some states you must be a resident of six month or longer in order to get married. To be perfectly honest I believe that same sex couples should be allowed to celebrate their union. If heterosexual couples can celebrate their union then why not a same sex couple? Clearly the definition of marriage has changed and people that were not fully supportive or accepting of same sex marriage are supporting the idea of same sex marriage and if same sex couples were to allowed to marry this would give them the opportunity to adopt a child and provide a stable and healthy environment for the child. In New Jersey, since making same sex marriage legal not only has the economy grown, but it has also provided new jobs and brought in additional money and with Massachusetts being the first state to legalized same sex marriage there has been a decrease in the divorce rate (ProCon.org). Reason for Decision and Outcome of the Situation With the situation of my friend and her partner wanting to getting married not only do I fully accept and support the idea of their marriage, but knowing that our government has made changes to the Defense of Marriage Act  (DOMA) is a much welcome relief and positive change (ProCon.org). With the support of the President of the United States and the Supreme Court decision that allows same sex couples to receive the same tax breaks and pension rights of married heterosexual couples this is just the beginning (ProCon.org) The next step is to lift the ban or constitutional amendments in the remaining 20 states and allow same sex couples to marry. By allowing same sex couples to marry this in no way will weaken the family values, but will only make the family values stronger and more successfully. Marriage should not be looked at as a privilege or a right, but as a reason to celebrate a union between two people that love each other not matter what their sexual orientation and the famil y unit is now being redefined as well. A family unit does consist of a mother and father, but now the family unit can consist of two mothers and two fathers raising a healthy family in a healthy environment. Conclusion Whether the dilemma you are faced with is personal, ethical or moral one thing we do know is there is always some type of conflict between the action and positive or negative consequence are made for that action or behavior. Dilemmas are personal in nature and one must find the appropriate course of action to help resolve the issue that was at hand. In the case with my friend and her partner the dilemma was simply they both wanted to get married and in order for that to happen they would have to travel to another state in order to get married, but at the same time the marriage would be recognized in the state they were married in and not the state they live in. With this type of dilemma the possibility of my friend receiving any type of benefits from her partner is looking grave and until the state lifts the ban on same sex marriage her and her partner will remain in a domestic partnership. References Braswell, M., McCarthy, B.R., and McCarthy B. (2021). Ethics, Crime, and Justice: An Introductory Note to Students. Science and Technology Morality. (n.d). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed). Retrieved from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morality ProCon.org (2014, October 14). Gay Marriage ProCon.org. Retrieved from: http://gaymarriage.ProCon.org/

Fate vs. Free Will

Although the gods know what one's life will be before he lives it, man still has the freewill to live as he wills†. Fate is an event or action which Is destined to happen in a particular way whereas freewill is the ability to act In a manner which is not influenced by predestination. I believe that these two philosophical concepts Influence the outcome of one another. The basic Interpretation of this adage means that the gods know what our lives are going to be Like from the first moment of birth o our last moment of death, and this ideology refers to fate.During the duration between these two important points, man has the ability to go about and choose to do whatever he may desire, and this ideology refers to freewill. The gods know what choices you are going to make as well as its result. Personally I am able to relate on how fate and freewill influence the outcome of each other. In my religion, it is believed that life in an ongoing cycle and that the person who you are in o ne life will affect the person who you will be in your next life.Likewise a few medical problems, such as high cholesterol and diabetes, run In my family. The elders try their best to encourage each other to remain aware about the health conditions. Recently I have had two deaths In my family relevant to health- related problems. My uncle died to the fatal effects of diabetes and my great- grandmother died due to a weight-related Illness. Before these two very Important and influential people even thought about the poor choices they were intending to make, the gods already knew what the outcome would be.Carols Irwin Settees, also known as by his stage-name Charlie Sheen, was born into a family of renowned actor and actresses and it was assumed, or likewise â€Å"destined†, for him to follow in his family footsteps. However, the outcome of his life did not turn out to be what was expected. This happened when he came across two paths; the path of righteousness and the path of w rongdoing. Unfortunately, Charlie Sheen took the wrong path which led to the physical and emotional destruction of his life and career.This path included alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems, as well as allegations of committing domestic violence. This led to his ejection from the hit television series Two and a Half Men. This scenario portrays how Charlie Sheen was able to go about himself and take whichever actions he desired to do, but the gods already knew what the outcome of his life would be. Fate vs†¦ Free Will By divvy_ran freewill to live as he wills†. Fate is an event or action which is destined to happen in a reticular way whereas freewill is the ability to act in a manner which is not influence the outcome of one another.The basic interpretation of this adage means that the gods know what our lives are going to be like from the first moment of birth Likewise a few medical problems, such as high cholesterol and diabetes, run in my health conditions. Rece ntly I have had two deaths in my family relevant to health- grandmother died due to a weight-related illness. Before these two very important hit television series Two and a Half Men. This scenario portrays how Charlie Sheen

A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay Example

A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay Example A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay which is used to mensurate the degree of rising prices, overestimates rising prices by 1.1 per centum points. Since the CPI province that so much of Social Security payments must increase all over the twelvemonth due to rising prices, any over appraisal would be the authorities one million millions of dollars more to run. By cut downing the CPI by 1.1 % , the federal authorities would salvage $ 1 trillion over 12 old ages ( Wolf ) . That means Social Security Social Security is a power plan, which means that authorities financess are automatically provided to people that meet positive standards. Social Security is a claim plan which anyone over the age of 65 qualifies ; despite of their income 40 % of retired seniors depend on Social Security as their lone agencies of income. However, people like Bill Gates, and other millionaires should non be eligible for societal security. If those individuals are millionaires why do they necessitate more money they do non necessitate Social Secu rity. Persons who can back up themselves through retirement of an income of $ 50,000 a twelvemonth should non be eligible to use for Social Security. This is the job the authorities will confront when the Baby Boomers retire in the twelvemonth 2010. In 1950 there were 7.2 workers for each retired person. Today there are 3.2 workers for every retired person, and by the twelvemonth 2020 there will merely be 2.4 or less for each retired person. By the twelvemonth 2010-2015 Social Security is projected by the authorities to pay out more money than it could take in ( Wolf ) . Since the current Social Security took in a excess of $ 60 billion in 2008 with a jutting sum to be around $ 5 trillion they will hold adequate money to last another 10 old ages or so. All in all experts expect that Social Security will hold spent every penny it has by the twelvemonth 2030 Today s Social Security revenue enhancements throng out other nest eggs. Repairing the trust fund by raising revenue enhancements and cutting benefits would be to come up to merely do Social Security an even worse trade than it is now. More than 75 per centum of American labours pay more in Social Security revenue enhancements than they do in income revenue enhancements ( Kotlikoff ) . Based on the Social Security disposal its ain premises, paysheet revenue enhancement rates would hold to increase from 12.4 to 19.5 per centum for promised benefits to be paid. Even though such revenue enhancement additions might be adequate to pay future benefits, as a consequence the economic system would endure rough cost In the hereafter. Raising Social Security revenue enhancements plenty to maintain the authorities s to give the right to assure future retired persons would necessitate to duplicate or trebling the revenue enhancements. The rewards of the worker s will be taking 30 to 40 per centum from their wage look into to pay retirement benefits for the hereafter. Such revenue enhancement hikings are non moderately or possible. Social Security should non cut down the benefits of bing retired persons. In add-on, it must let Americans of all income degrees to construct a foundation for the hereafter. Many people think that Social Security revenue enhancement AIDSs are held in their ain histories for their ain retirement, but they re non. The Social Security we pay today goes to help the retired persons of today. Soon the figure of retired persons will outnumber the sum of people working and the financess for Social Security will cut down. Real reform will besides vouch that all workers receive an equal minimal retirement income. The benefits of current retired persons must non be reduced. Washington has a good contract with those who presently receive Social Security retirement benefits, every bit good as those who are so near to retirement that they have no other options for constructing a retirement nest egg. Any reform program must vouch in jurisprudence that seniors receive every cent that they have been promised, including an accurate one-year cost of populating addition. As a first measure to salvaging Social Security for future coevalss, Congress must go through a jurisprudence giving every already retired American a contract that provides a legal warrant of his or her Social Security retirement benefits. Finally, current workers should hold the pick of either fall ining a Social Security system that includes personal retirement histories or staying in the bing system and taking whatever benefit is available at the clip that they retire. The full Social Security retirement age, the benefits should be raise more. American senior citizens are populating longer and are in a good wellness than of all time earlier. This means they are passing more and more clip on Social Security so they have of all time done earlier. If the retirement age is raised, there will be a greater figure of people in the working force that will increase the sum of money traveling into Social Security. Since the age bound would be raised, fewer people would be on Social Security while more people would be working, which would hopefully make a excess more old ages to come. The chief ground for Social Security is for fiscal job is based on life span. We start populating longer and healthier lives. When Social security was created in 1935, at 65 twelvemonth old had an mean life anticipation of 12 + more old ages, today its 17 + and rise. Besides, 76 million babe boomers will get down to retire in approximately 2010, and in approximately 30 old ages at that place will about twice as many older Americans are at that place be today ( Wolf ) . Besides, at the same clip the figure of people working to lend to Social Security will drop from 3.3 to 2. Some of our elected functionaries propose raising the eligibility age to acquire full Social Security benefits as a manner of maintaining money in the system. The retirement age is already agenda to lift from 65 to 67 in the coming old ages, but they want to coerce us to work even longer. The foundation for this alteration is that, since life anticipation has increased, so should the length of the work life. As was noted earlier, since Social Security was signing in 1935, life anticipation at age 65 has increased by 3 old ages for work forces and 6 old ages for adult females. Furthermore, these life anticipations are projected to lift by a farther 3 old ages for both work forces and adult females by 2070. Increasing the retirement age would alleviate the force per unit area on Social Security funding by countervailing some of the addition in the aged dependence per centum caused by the ripening of the population. Rival of raising the retirement age greater length of service has non so far been accompanied by an addition in old ages worked so people are retiring earlier and earlier. Therefore, they need to wait to see how people accept the presently scheduled to increase to age 67. Second, challengers are disquieted that speed uping the alteration in the retirement age would ache those who are forced by hapless wellness or deficiency of employment chances to retire before 65. The jurisprudence already provides for an actuarial decrease in benefits of 20 per centum for those who retire at age 62 this decrease will lift bit by bit to 30 per centum with the scheduled addition in the normal retirement age to 67 ( Wolf ) . Increasing the retirement age beyond 67 would cut down the age 62 benefits further still. I think that Social Security revenue enhancements should be raised. If this was done, the sum collected from revenue enhancements might be able to stock up Social Security financess, and sup ply money for upcoming retired persons. This would assist work out the jobs with the expected diminishment of Social Security financess from the approaching retirement of the babe boomers. Repairing the system now will be less than waiting. Valuess for privatising portion of the system is the advancement of the accessible Social Security system should be preserved, reform should suggest drawn-out solvency for the system, reform should better just drama between members, should seek to increase economic efficiency by increasing the connexion between aid and benefits, and administrative costs should be minimized. Privatizing portion of the system could ache the current retired persons. In privatising portion of the system, no 1 should be forced into a system of personal retirement histories. I am in favour of privatising portion of the system. Peoples who do non work to pay for the current retired persons should non be able to have Social Security benefits when they retire. Privatizing the portion of the system would merely work if the reforms are determined and province every bit shortly as possible. This paper will discourse the current United States Social Security Tax system, the intent of that system and our end. Besides, it will explicate our probe of its current standing, different thoughts about what to alter in our current position to procure and vouch a strong hereafter for it. Our Social Security Tax System to procure its hereafter U.S.A. Social Security Tax System should work Social Security has been around for more than 60 old ages. It has been an of import portion of American life. It was created in 1935 shortly after the great depression. Social Security was created to be a protection for the American people against the jeopardies of unemployment, old age, and sick wellness. Today Social Security non merely provides minimal protection for the retired worker, it besides provides benefits for workers and their households due to decease of a household pay earner or loss of income due to disablement. Today there are about 150 million workers who are protected by Social Security more than 44 million receive retirement, subsisters and disablement benefits from societal security. The Social Security has made an immense difference for senior citizen s in their life s as a consequence that American workers can retire every bit early as age 62. At this age, pay earners are eligible to acquire reduced benefits from Social Security. Wage earners may wait for full retirement age to be eligible for full retirement benefits. Presently, full retirement age is 65, but it moved up bit by bit get downing in 2003. The new retirement age is 67 for people born in 1960 or subsequently. Social benefits payments are paid out to more than 9 in 10 retired persons. In America, merely 11 per centum of senior citizens live in hapless quality. With no Social Security benefits, the per centum of seniors populating in hapless would be much higher. Social Security is the major beginning of income for approximately two tierces of aged Americans, and for a 3rd Social Security is virtually their lone beginning of income. Retired Americans are given a reliable monthly income from Social Security. Automatic additions are attached to additions in the cost of life. Social Security gives retired American citizens a step of merited fiscal independency and that step is going lower every twelvemonth. Social Security is more than a retirement plan. It is besides a protection program for American citizens. Reducing benefits, increasing the retirement age, raising paysheet revenue enhancements, and privatising portion of the system this are the major parts of Social Security to better them and excessively safe the plan. Work Cite The Heritage Foundation, Web Memo # 143: Social Security Basics September 12, 2002. Mon, 23 November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heritage.org/Research/SocialSecurity/wm143.cfm Basler, Barbara. AARP Bullet: Sick of Waiting November 2007. Mon 23 November 2009. Yourmetguru. Identity Theft Of Social Security Number Is One Of The Most Common Id Thefts. Zimbio, Oct-13-08, Mon 23 November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zimbio.com/Identity+Theft/articles/471/Identity+Theft+Social+Security+Number+One Offensicht, Will. Simple Solutions for Social Security. Scragged. Published: December 6, 2007. Mon 23 November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scragged.com/articles/simple-solutions-for-social-security.aspx Wolf, Richard. USA Today: Social Security hits foremost wave of boomers November 2009 USA TODAY. Mon, 23, 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-10-08-boomers_N.htm Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Privatizing Social Security Professor of Economics, Boston University. July 1998. Saturday 28, November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st217.pdf Roosevelt, Franklin D. Presidential Statements Saturday 28, November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ssa.gov/history/fdrstmts.html Svihula, Judie, and Carroll L. Estes Social Security Privatization: An Ideologically Structured Movement. Journal of Sociology A ; Social Welfare 35.1 ( 2008 ) : 75-104. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail? vid=7 A ; hid=5 A ; sid=6bc5c8cc-6802-4cdd-be08-6764259938eb % 40sessionmgr11 A ; bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxjb29raWUsaXAsdWlkJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl # db=aph A ; AN=31120715 hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? id=MdhJ7pD6wngC A ; pg=PA278 A ; dq=social+security+privatization # v=onepage A ; q=social % 20security % 20privatization A ; f=false

Free English Essay

Free English Essay Free English Essay Free English Essay Reading free English essay you should always keep in mind that there are thousands of others reading the same free English essay at the moment.   In other words, it would be very unwise to use free English essay as your own writing.   If you need help with writing, we are available 24/7 to help you with any English essay assignment.   Our writers are educated and experienced enough to satisfy the most demanding clients! is your chance to get As on all assignments! Free English Essay Sample The chief phenomenon is Jules Verne, whose long list of scientific romances sprang from a serious effort to anticipate the technological applications of the sciences currently in full development. Submarines, airships of several patterns, countless mechanical devices, are suggested and utilized in his novels, in such profusion that these books in turn are known to have influenced the scientific vocations of many young men, among them Simon Lake and Georges Claude, and the navigators Charcot and Bernard Franck. As do most of his contemporaries, Verne writes in positivist terms; the fantastic element is only apparent, a more advanced engineering, using the principles and tools of his own day rather than the marvellous and irrational inventions of a Cyrano de Bergerac. But neither the society nor the technology anticipated by his creative writing corresponds to the world as we know it today; for all its inventive fertility, its technological ferment, Verne's mind could not foresee such an innovation as the internal combustion motor, or imagine such problems as those imposed on the aviator by weather and atmospheric conditions. Twentieth-century science is stranger than nineteenth-century fiction; Verne remains well within the bounds of scientific possibilities, and no longer surprises his readers with his extrapolations. Paradoxically enough, it is this very restraint that has prevented Verne from becoming recognized as a serious literary figure. Reticence may be a scientific virtue, it is not always a literary one, and a generation that delighted in highly seasoned literature relegated Verne's books to the popular and schoolboy level, with disastrous results as far as his style and general literary quality were concerned. Science penetrates literature by becoming literary, less pedantically technical, more attentive to the broader implications, and less insistent on the scrupulosities of laboratory techniques. Biological determinism in the Zola manner ends by being dull; the hypothesis precludes effective dramatic struggle, and the full use of creative imagination. The fine balance the effective novelist must maintain between an increasing understanding of the conditions that govern the phenomena of living, and the part played, per contra, by unpredictable individual impulse, is essentially the sour ce of dramatic conflict, and the human basis of all interest in literature. From this point of view, science, as used by most conventional authors, even by the professed naturalists, is merely an extension of "common sense," the general knowledge, or in some cases the mental and moral philosophy, of an earlier generation. Custom English Essay Writing Undoubtedly, free English essay is good as a source of information or inspiration. However, I do not recommend copy/paste for the reasons you are perfectly aware of. If you need professional writing help, do not hesitate to use our writing services.   We do not ignore your requests and we guarantee delivery!

Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Term Paper Example It is thus a subjective psychological conditioning that ties goods and services as symbols of status. Status consumption, as originally defined by Thorstein Veblen in his â€Å"Theory of the Leisure Class,† refers to purchasing and the subsequent displays of unnecessary, expensive items in a manner that suggest or rather attract attention to an individual's wealth (39). Veblen though did use the term â€Å"conspicuous consumption,† and since then, the idea of inspirational consumption as a means of outward demonstration of wealth has been a hot topic examined not only in the field of Economics but also in a range of other discipline including marketing, psychology, sociology, to name but a few. Indeed, status consumption has permeated the modern setting, especially in the western world, where spending is not only away of determined by the amount of wealth owned but a unique way of trying to fit within a given social class. According to the theory of consumption, consume r buying behavior is conditioned partly by the intrinsic utility value placed on them, which in effect exceeds the attached price on a given product (Pepall, Richards and Norman 24-25). This description, however, was but a narrow perspective that fell short of accounting for the status that the product may hitherto confer to the bearer. Instinctively, behavioral consumption is a much more complex concept influenced by a myriad of factors far beyond utility maximization. This paper critically examines Status Consumption as an important factor in the theory of market demand. Background For a good or service to qualify as a status brand, two preconditions must hold: a sense of belonging [the â€Å"degree of commonality† concerning relative desirability of association with certain products or brands] and an open, social display of consumption of such products (Duensberry 11). Consumers have the incentives to amplify their consumption with the intention of gaining a position in so cial settings. For those that engage in some kind of self-reporting, a personal concern with status is but a factor that has been identified to motivate such actions. Indeed, the everyday observation of consumption patterns suggests a strong affinity to a direction of superior association with a given product; a fact that finds evidence in the concentration of households spending into furnishing living and dining rooms compared to private rooms such bedrooms. Such self-reporting intentions purposefully aimed at gaining social standing more often results from observed consumption patterns. Individuals often require alibis (reasons) that validate their purchases. Quite a huge chunk of college students’ product buying, for instance, is influenced by the advertising kind of contacts with colleagues. While needs play a fundamental role in the behavioral buying tendencies of consumers, the reality is that majority of products acquired are actually non-necessities in terms of surviv al. In the words of social anthropologist Edmund Leach, individual actions are shaped one way or another by learned behaviors from others within the immediate or observable surroundings (Jones 74). Clearly, if a person do not have adequate information, or simply does not value what being in possession of a Mercedes Benz signals to others in the